Specific Words and Expressions

As it is known, so that to investigate a field of science or art, along the knowledge of the general concepts it is necessary to know the words and expressions, used in this field. The more known, simple and stable words and expressions we use in this or that field of art, the more fruitful investigation work would be.

Flat - woven carpets

BARKAN - name, given in Uzbekistan to a Palas made of the black thread.

BARNI - see VARNI

BESH KESHTA - the ornamenten thick-woven carpet of elongated form, which was used for inner and outer decoration of the Kirghizean yurts.

BURIYA- elongated and ornamented complex-woven mat.

CHIN-a delicate-woven palas of a very high gualitv, manufactured m villages of Khojagesanli and Gobu near Baku [table 40]. Thin Chins, formerly made as a special reguire, were estimated not according to its size but to weight.

No doubt that Chin is a synonyum of Chini. In the works of Azerbaijanian poets of the X-XII-th centuries Gatran Tebrizi and Nizami Gyanjavi a carpet Chini was mentioned.

CHINI - see Chin

DAMARLY - a name given by Azerbaijanians to Zili-woven carpets with relief ornament.

DASTKHAN - or Dastarkhan - a white delicate woven palas, which was used in the past by Azerbaijanians and Uigurs as a table-jloth. It is guadrangular with monotonous middle field and complex ornament embroidered along the margins.

GAIYG - a name of one of Oguzian tribes. The Azerbaijanian carpet-makers give this name to the carpets, woven by a complex method of Zili, Varni, Sumakh tyres. See Zili, Varni, Sumakh.

GARDEK [curtain-screen] - In Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan in the wedding-day a definite corner of the room with a bride-bed was usually separated by a carpet - made Gardek. In the old times Gardeks were made of silk and embroidered with complex ornament.

GARVUD - see Karvud GAZHARY - ornamented carpet at Uzbekistan, Kirghizstan and Turkmenistan. It is also called Gajari.

GILEM- a name given to Kilim [see Kilim] by Uigurs and Kirghizes.

GILYAM - a name, given to Kilim by Uzbeks [see Kilim]

GURDIN - see Kufzin

GYZ GILAM - a name, given to a Palas-woven Gardek by Uzbeks.

JAJIM - see Jejim

JEJIM - thick-woven carpet of reversible rug tyre in Azerbaijan [Lemberan, Agjabedi, Shusha, Jebrail, Naknichevan]. It is made by threading the woof through the warp on a long horizontal loom. Jejim is usually woven of colored gezh [gezh or gej is a crude silk] or sometimes from wool and seldom from cotton yarn. The ornament often comprises the vertical colored stripes [table 90-2]. JejirrTs width is usually 30-35 centimetres and length - 15-16 metres. It is used as home inventary by settled people, a little mattress for sitting or a usual mattress, blanket, mutakkabed-spread, geiba [a bag] as well as a farsh. In the middle ages it was also called Jajim.

JEZHIM - see Jejim

JIJIM- a name given to Jejim by Turks [see Jejim]

KAKHMA - a name given by Uigurs and Karakalpaks to a striped reversible rug. They also use the following terms: Gakhma, Gokhma or Kokhma.

KARPAD - see Karvud

KARPED - see Karvud

KARPUD- see Karvud

KARPET - a name given to a reversible rug by Armenians [see Karvud]

KARPUT- see Karvud

KARVUD - carpets, woven by terekeme-cattle-breeders nomads of oguzian - Turk origin, who lived in Azerbaijan. Karvuds are something between a reversible rug and Kilim [see Kilim]. In Azerbaijanian district Karvud is also called Karput. "Kar" means in old Turkish language combining one thing with another [Makhmud Cashgar "Divani lugat-it Turk", Ankara, p. 265, 1948] "Put" or "Pot" in Turkish language means varn, twisted three-four times [V. V. Radlov. Oput Dictionary of Turkish Dialects. V. IV-2, p. 1283]. The oldest masters called Karvud as Karpesh. In this word "Kar" means Art, Craft and "Pesh" or "Bet" - is a shawl, woven from soft goat wool by means of threading the woof, as by reversible rug-weaving. [Barkhane gashe lugati]. Reversible rug, being a kind of flat-woven carpets, made by means of threading the woof through the warp, is known to be called by Armenians as Karpet. The Englishmen gave this name to all kinds of carpets. This name is a synonym to given above names Karvud, Karput or Karpet expressing one and the same concept, appeared as a result of cultural and commercial relationships.

KELAM- a name given to Kilim by Uigurs [see Kilim]

KELEM- a name given to Kilim by Uzbeks and Kirghizes [see Kilim]. It is seldom called as Kilem.

KERECHET TANUU - an elongated carpet used by Kirghizes for yurts decoration.

KERIM OR KEREM - Makhmud Cashgar in his "Divani lugat-it Turk" describes the meaning of this term in the following way "an ornamented khali, covering the walls" [v. 1, p. 398]

KESA - a name given to Palas by Kurds, lived in the South Azerbaijan in the Middle ages. They also called it as Kosa.

KEVAL - a name given in the Middle ages to the old flat-woven carpets.

KHAMYAN - a name given to Varni in Agjabedinian district of Azerbaijan [see Varni]

KHASIR - a kind of a farsh - a mat, woven from pressed corne. Covered on floors in living rooms [particular in rooms on the ground floor] and mosques. Still in immemorial times in East countries as well as in Azerbaijan Khasir were usually put under the piled and flat-woven carpets to protect them from dampness.

KILAM - a name given to Kilim in Uzbekistan [see Kilim]

KILEN - a common name given in Azerbaijan and Turmenistan to flat-woven carpets, made by means of complex threading. This characterizes the secondary stage of development of the carpet-making art. The double-sided Kilims may be used on both sides. A word Kilim is a changed form of Uigurian word Gilem]

KOSA - see Kesa

KURZIN r- a name given in the Middle ages to flat-woven carpets of Kilim and Palas types.

MAKHFUR - a carpet with emossed ornament, woven by means of complex winding [Fig. 43]. On the basis of reliable sources it may be confirmed that in the early Middle ages Makhfurs were manufactured only in the South East Azerbaijan - in Shirvana, Khursana and Lizanian district the main town of which was Shemakha. As it is noted in "Khidud - al Alem" written in X-th century, the Makhfurs were exported from this districts to all corners of the world. In the XI-XII-th centuries the Makhfurs were also manufactured in Uzbekistan particularly in Samarkand. The fact, that doctor Shamsaddin Mukhammed Suzani who died in Samarkand mentioned Markhfur in his work.

Fig. 43. 'Makhfuri' flat-woven carpet. Moscow, Museum of Oriental Culture (coloured)

"This hag with ugly face is weaving a carpet, wuich is Makhfur again"

MASHU - a common name given to flat-woven carpets in the Middle Asia

NAG - a name given to a Nakh in Turkey [see Nakh]

NAKH - a name given to a netting flat-woven carpet which was covered on horses and camels; sometimes it was used as a wall decoration. It is also called as "Nag" or "Rum Zilisi".

PALAS - a simple-woven carpet with wide horizontal stripes. Reversible, used on both sides.

PALOS - a name given to Palas in the Middle Asia [see Palas] .

PALAZ - see Palas.

PARNI - see Varni

PARNIYAN - a name given to a delicate-woven Varni.

RUM ZILISI - see Nakh

SILI - a name given by Osmanian Turks to Zili [see Zili]

SUMAKH - large carpet-farshes, woven by means of complex winding.

SUMAKHCHA - a small Sumakh, woven by means of complex winding [see Sumakh]

TINFASA- a name given by Arabs to all flat-woven carpets, made by Kirghizes on a horizontal loom set without declination. Tirma is ornamented by vertical stripes and stylized images of paws, hoof tracks, eyes, horns, legs of horses, sheep, dear, tiger, mice and other animals. The name Tirma is also given to the expensive complex-woven cloth, manufactured in India, Iran and Turkey. Tirma is usually woven from soft and thin wool.

UTTABI - a kind of a delicate flat-woven carpet of Zili type [see Zili]. Its origin refers to one of the quarters of Mosulacity, situated to the north of Baghdad - the capital of Irak, not far from the South East boundary of Turkey. In the XIV-th century Uttabi-carpets, manufactured in this quarter became famous all over the world. This name of the carpets was known at all European markets. The researchers suppose that a term "Teppich" widely used in the West Europe, was originated from "Uttabi"

SHADDA - a type of the flat-woven carpets, made by means of threading and winding. Shadda is manufactured mostly in Azerbaijan. Initially it was ornamented by chess-board image [shatranj, Table 86-l] and later by ornamental subject pictures. Subject ornament usually describes caravan of camels sometimes it is the image of man or animals. [Table 86-2]. A word "Shadda" was no doubt originated from the word "Shatranj" ["sad ranj"] - chess.

SHAL - a kind of a thick cloth of Palas type, which is woven from the camel wool in Uzbekistan. It is called a Shol in Bukharian district. SHLYANG-a simple comparatively rough-woven Palas which was fixed to a reverse side of expensive pile carpets to protect them from dampness. It was manufactured in XVI-XVII-th centuries in South Azerbaijan.

SHAMT-a name given by Azerbaijanian Kurds to large Kilims. SHATRANJI - a name given in the middle ages to the silk chessed clothes or to thin carpets from wool made by means of threading as Pa Irises were woven [see Shadda]

SHOL - see Shal

VARNI - [Azerb.] - a large khali woven with one and a half knots. Varnies were manufactured in Karabakh and Kazakh carpet areas. The main ornament of these khalies usually is a large stylized image of dragon in the shape of "S". In the Middle ages delicate woven Varnis were called Perniyan, Berna or Perno. In Agjabedinian district of Azerbaijan they were called as Gemyan.

ZERILU - in some villages of Azerbaijan as well as in some publications this name is given to Zili-woven carpets.

ZILI - type of delicate flat-woven carpet. It is woven by method of complex winding. Zili represent the third period of development of carpet-making art. Zili is also called as Zil or Zila. The Azerbaijanian Zilis have artistic and technical peculiarities, which make them differ from Zilis, manufactured in other countries. In classical literature of the Middle ages we meet a term Zili along with Zilu. ZILICHA - a name given to a small Zili.

ZILU - see Zili

ZILUCHA - a name given to a small Zili in Uzbekistan Z

ILUCHA - a name given to a small Zili in Uzbekistan

ZILCHA- see Zilicha

YABY - a name given by Kirghizes and Uzbeks to a Palas-woven cover, which was put under or over saddle.

Pile carpets

ALACHA GILYAM - name given by Uzbeks and Kazakhs to a stri-red multicoloured carpet.

ASALI - a name given to yellow carpets by Jews lived in Azerbaijan in the town of Kuba [as all in Persian means "honey"]

AVAK КАР a large sack chuval made of carpet material with nap, which Kirghizes use for plates and dishes.

Ayatlyg a carpet in which Turkmenians roll a body of deceased to bring it to graveyard. It is also called Ayatly.

BISAT- a name given in the Middle ages to a large delicate-woven carpet. Mentioned in poems and ghazels by Nizarni Gyanjavi and Mukhammed Fizuli.

BUB - a name given in the past in the Middle Asia to a large thin-woven carjJet. A famous poet of the IX-th century Rudaki used this name as follows:

"On the following day Shah ordered to tidy up a garden, he ordered to put some couches there and to trover them with bub"

FARSH - see Fersh

FARSKA or FERSHE- see Fersh

FERSH - in Arabian language means home utility. In Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkey this name was given to a carpet and bedding.

FERSHI-DINARI - a thin carpet with relief ornament on white ground.This word is met at Gatran Tehriz: [XI century]:

"Morning wind brushed Fershi-Dinari off flower garden. The spring clouds went awav and the garden laid clean of Kafur ornamenl [the Kafur tree covered with rime]

GABA - see GYABA

GALI - a name given by Iranians to a large pile Khfli [see Galyn]

GALIN - see Galyn

GALINCHA - a name, given to a small carpet in the South-Fast Azerbaijan [Kuba district] [see Galyn]

GALY - a large pile Khali. In works of Turkish literature, written in Arabian alphabet, this carpet is called as Galy, but today we use a term Khali. Galy also means strength and durability, which are characteristic for nap carpets.

GALYN 7- a name given by Jagatayian Turks and Afghans to a large pile Khali made by means of knot weaving.

The Arabian geographer of the XIII-th century Yagut Gamavi supposes that a word "Gaii" is originated from the name of Galigala town in Erzrume, but we can't admit this settlement. As you know the Turkish nomads preferred flat-woven carpets [such as Paias, kilim, Zili, Jejim, Sumakh and others] they were thin, light and not durable. The pile carpets were woven by means of one and a half and double knots, that's why they were in two-six times thicker than flat-woven carpets and respectively they were more durable. As it was noted in the 1-st volume the pile carpets appeared later than flat-woven ones. Due to this fact in the old times the carpet-makers and users called them "Galyn" that was translated as "thick".

In connection with this it should be noted that in Karabakh, Mugan, Gyanjinian and Kazakh .districts of Azerbaijan as well as in some regions of Turkey, Khaliwith nap are called as Gyaba [see Gyaba], which in Turkish languages means rough, thick. In the Middle Asia, Caucasus and as well as in Asia Minor the Turks in the ancient times gave to the daughters the pile carpets as dowry. These carpets were the main and the most expensive part of the dowry. In Modern Azerbaijanian language there is a word "jekhiz"-dowry, adopted from Arabian language. The ageold Turkish one is "Galyn" which possesses the same meaning.

GALYNCHA- a name given in the North Fast of Azerbaijan in Kuba district to а long small Galyn [see Galyn], i e. a small Khali [see Khali], but in Karabakh tht name Is given to winter clothes-pojw; shubok, i. a. jacket made of quilted wool.

GATIFA carpet like pile cloths of silts ami wool, exported by Arabians from Caucasus.

GEVA - a name given by AzerbaijaniaTl Kurds to Gyaba [see Gyaba] In oral folk literature we met for example:

 Whai is the sweetest thing in the world? 
 Among offsprings children 
 Among animals camel 
 Among things, wealth Geva

GERK - see Gyaba

GILAM - see Gilyam

GILEM a name given by Uigurs to carpets in common meaning, particuliarly to Kilim [see Kilim]

GUMRA - a small carpet "Namazlyk" [see Natnazlyk]

GYARTAJA - an elongated Karabakh carpet, exported in the past to istambul by merchants. Gyartafa means Karabakh present.

GYATIFA see Gatifa

GYABA- in Azerbaijan [Muganian, Karabakh, Gyanjinian and Kazakh districts] as well as in some areas of Turkey this name is given to elongated pile carpets. A worn "Gyaba" is met in Azerbaijanian oral folk literature:

 ...Kilim, Gyaba are laid m fecess 
 I observte the ravine behing you 
 Your belover stands on she hillak...

The Azerbaijanian poet of the XVIII-th century M. F . Vagif uses the word "Gyaba" in the following wax in his quattrain:

 ...Sitting in the doorway wrap yoursetf iu Gyaba up 
 Don't give the seeds to your hens 
 Your wife slaughters you 
 Why are you sleeping still 
 Being unaware?...

"Gyaba" is a changed form of "Gaba" - rough Gyaba as compared with flat-woven carpets is much thicker and rougher. That's why the carpet-makers and users called them as Guaba-Gaba. It may be concluded that the Arabian word "Geba" [which means long street-cloths] is synonymous to the word "Guaba". "Guaba" is read differently as follows Gebe, Kebe, Kepe, Gyava. The Middle Asian experts in the science of carpet-making associate this word by mistake with the word Kaaba [Ka ba] [see also Galyn]

GYZ GILYAM- a name given by Karakalpaks to elongated carpets, made for yurts, They are also called as Janbau.

JUINABE - the Turkmenian carpets were called as Juinabe at the markets in the past.

JULHIRS - a name given to rough-and-thick-woven carpets in Samarkand.

KABA - see Gyaba

КАРА - a hut made of cane and thatch

КALIN - see Galyn

KALY - a name given in the Middle Asia to Khali [see Khali]

KALYN - see Galyn

KALYCHYG - a. small pile carpets in Uzbekistan of Azerbaijan to a large Galyn. In oral folk literature:

 This ravine is a green khali - 
 A beautiful place for flowers growin 
 I saw my beloved 
 In shoes on high heels.

KHALINCHA - a small khali in Kuba district of Azerbaijan

KHALICHA - see Khalcha

KHALCHA - a name given in North-East of Azerbaijan to small khali [see Khali]. A word met in oral folk literature:

 Karabakh alcha, 
 Khalcha is spread 
 I saw a beautiful girl 
 Who is like a rose-bud.

In the West and South districts of Azerbaijan a name Khalcha is given to a small Khali [see Khali] or Galyn [see Galyn]. Khaly is a large Khali [see Khali] in Turkmenistan and Turkey.

KHALY - a name given in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and in North-East of Azerbaijan to a large Galyn [see Galyn]. The word is a misrepresented form of the word Galy [see Galy].

KHALYG - small carpets used by Turkmens for covering on the camel back.

KHALYJYG - a name given in Turkmenistan and Turkey to small pile Khalcha [see Khalcha]

KHIRSEK-a name given in the Middle Asia and Azerbaijan to thick simple-woven pile carpets.

KILYAM - a name given in Uzbekistan to striped pile carpets as well as to flat-woven carpets of Kilim type [see Kilim]

MIGRAZI - a name given in X-XII-th centuries to the carpets, which have naps cut with scissors. This word is met in divans of Azerbaijanian poets Gatran Tebrizi, Nizami Gyanjavi [Migrazi is described in details in the first volume of the given work]

NAMAZLYK - a small carpet with composition of "Lyachakli" ["Mekhrabli"], which was used in the recent past in Azerbaijan for Namaz-procedure. A small Namazlyk is also called Sajjada.

PAD- a name given by Kirghizes to pile carpets with very high loops

PATI ZULVARAG- a name given by Uzbeks [from Samarkand] to long pile carpets.

Shadorvan - a name given in the early Middle ages to the most expensive delicate-woven carpet, which was used in palaces as curtain or a large tent as well as was spread on the floor.

SHADVARD - a name given in the early Middle ages to a large Khali with complex ornament.

SAJJADA- a name given in Aravia to any carpets and in Turkey to small carpets Namazlyks.

SAFSAJJADASI [see Namazlyk] - a name given in Turkey to a large Khali with complex ornament.

SAJJADA- a name given in Aravia to any carpets and in Turkey to small carpets Namazlyks.

SAFSAJJADASI [see Namazlyk] - a name given in Turkey to a large Khali used for praying on which several persons perform Namaz simultaneously. In the middle field composition there is an image of Mekhraba. Examples of large Safsajjadasi are present today in Aiyasofiya mosque in Istambul in the sepulchre of Movlan Rumi in Konya.

TEVASI - a name given in the Middle ages to lagre multicoloured Khali with complex ornament.

TEGIRCHI - an elongated carpet which Kirghizes used in their yurts.

ZARBIYA - a name given in the Middle ages in Turkey to large thick-woven Khali.

ZULIVA- a name given to large multicoloured delicate-woven Khali.

ZARWAF - a name given to the carpets whrh have golden and silver threads in the woof and warp. Method of such carpet-making is also called as Zarbaf.

Carpet ware

AINA KHALAT - a shallow flat palas-woven sack in which Uzbeks and Turkmens put their glass.

AKBASGUR - a sash, 30-35 centimeters in width and 15 meters in length, which was used by Kirghizes and Karakatpaks for yurt decoration. The pile ornament was made on white flat-woven field. It was also called as Akgysh, Ak Yup, Bashkur and Bagysh.

AK YUR - a long sash used in Turkmenistan for yurt decoration [see AK Basgur]

ASMALDYG - a carpet with fringe, which Turkmens put on the camel back.

ASMALYG - see Asmaldyg

AT JABUU - see At Zhabuu

AT ZHAWUU - a name given by Kirghizes to horse-cloth

ARGQSH CHUVAL - a carpet chuval for wheat used by Turkmens and Uzbeks.

BAGYSH - a long carpet sash used by Uzbeks for yurt decoration [see Akbasgur]

BAKYSH - see Bagysh

BASGUR - see Akbasgur

BASKUR - see Akbasgur

BASHTYG - a large carpet sack for home inventory used by Kirghizes and Uzbeks

BOGCHA - a square piece of thick silk cloth. It was a Palas-woven one with edging [Bog - a large tent, cha - diminutive suffix], in which linings and clothes were put. Till recent in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkev Bogcha with linings and clothes was bundled up.

BAKHCНА - see Bogcha

ВUKHCHA - see Bogcha

CHANTA - in Azerbaijan this name was given to a small square flat or pile-woven sack, 30-35x 35-40 centimeteres.

CHATY - a thick rope which was used in Azerbaijan for tiding up the animals. Women bind up the brass or earthenware jugs, in which they carry water from sources. Length of the rope is approximately 2 meters. It is made of thick lisle thread.

CHEMCHA TORBA - a carpet sack which Turkmens use for ladles, spoons, rolling-pins and so on.

CHUVAL - a large sack in Azerbaijan. Used for wheat, barley or other food grains. Made by Palas or sometimes pile-carpet methods. Still before X-th century a Muganian Chuval was widely spread.

CHUL - in Azerbaijan this name was given to ornamented delicate-woven carpet which was put on back of horse or camel. Usually made by Zili - method [gaiyg]. Sometimes we meet Chuls made by pile-carpet method.

DUZ TORBA - in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan this name is given to a sack for salt, decorated with ornament. Is woven as Zili - by winding method.

DUYA KHALYG - a carpet with long fringe which Turkmens put on camel back. It is also called as Asmaldyg [see Asmaldyg]

ENGSI - carpet-woven curtain, used by Turkmens for hanging on the yurt's door.

ENST - see Engsi

ECIK KAS - Karakalpaks give this name to a small carpet which was hanged on the yurfs door.

FARMASH - see Mafrash

FERMESH - a name given by Azerbaijanians to Mafrash [see Mafrash]

GALYGI - sex. Os makduk

GAP - a name given to carpet woven sack in the Middle Asia

GAPHONCHLYG [Gapyichilik] - a small carpet which is hanged over the door at the inner side. Thev are also called as Kapunnuk or Gagylyg

GARCHIN - a small chuval in the Middle Asia

GASHLYG - it is smaller than Geiba hut of the same form. Till recent Azerbaijanians leaving for travelling pat in Gashlyg their food and hanged it on the front side of the saddle

GASHYGLAN - in Azerbaijan the name was given to the elongated sack, a front side of which was Zili-woven cloth, and a back side was Palas-woven cloth. Spoons, rolling-pins and ladles were put in it.

GEIBA - in Azerbaijan this name was given to a small Khurjun. It is usually made by Jejim or sometimes by Zili or pile-carpet methods. Those who were going to perform a short travel put their food in it.

GERMESH - a small carpel which is put by Turkmens on the yurts threshold. It is also called as Germash.

GOLCHAG - thin cloth, which is winded by Azerbaijanians around wrists when they work. Golchag is usually made of cotton or wool [10X70 sm), by threading method as Palas was made.

GYZYL CHUVAL - a name, given by Turkmens to dark-red chuval. It is used in festivals.

JABU - a name given by Kirghizes to Chuval (see Chuval]

JAN KISESI - a-small "sack 112X20, 25 sm] like mittens. Palas-woven. Azerbaijanians massage their body with the help of it when washing.

IOLAM in the Middle Asia, particularly in Turkmenistan, this name is given to a sash,used for yurt decoration, where it was put instead of cornice. Width is 30 35 centimeteres, length 15 18 meters. Made by Palas method. On yellow-white field there is a relief ornament [knots]. A Iolam sash may be considered as a high gualitv original example of art Turkmen carpet-makers

КАР - a name given by Turkmens to Gapa [see Gapa]

KAPUNLUK - see Gapiinchlyg.

KARCHIN - a name given in the Middle Asia to a small Chuval.

KARSHIN - see Garchin [Garshin]

KASHYGLGN - a name given by Turkmens to Kashyk

КАР - see Hashyk Кар

KASHYGLYG - see Kashy